The universe before the Big Bang

The primordial universe

We are discussing the formation process of the big bang singularity. Here It is seeking the most favorable situation or the formation of the big bang singularity. So here found three different situations, that can create a big bang singularity. It is explaining all these three situations here and tits possibilities to form a singularity. All these three situations can create a singularity. But It is choosing one situation as more favorable, because of its advantages to support the Big bang and the after-effects of the big bang.

In this chapter, I would like to explain my views on the state of the universe before the Big Bang. We all know that the Big Bang was about 13.8 billion years ago, yet the universe continues to expand at an accelerating rate. We cannot imagine how big the universe is and how much it expands. You and I are equally curious about the future of our ever-expanding universe. The big bang was caused by a singularity that was created by a very strong gravitational (unified) interaction. We can not guess how many billions of years it took for the formation of this Big Bang Singularity. The force of gravity during this period was beyond our imagination. People say, none of the other fundamental interactions we know now existed at that time. But it is possible that gravity and other fundamental interactions acted as a single interacting force. That is why I call the gravity of that period the unified gravitational interaction. That may be the secret of the high gravitational strength of the Big Bang Singularity.

In this chapter, we will discuss the singularity that led to this big bang. Let us see how it was formed. What is a singularity, that is our first question in this chapter? Singularity is a condition in which the absorbed matter is concentrated at the lowest volume (space). In physics, we can see two singularities. One is called Big Bang Singularity and the other is Black Hole Singularity. We can try to learn more about Singularity. Imagine we are traveling on a very busy bus. There will be very little space inside the bus. On that journey, we will not be able to move as we wish. If a few more people get on the bus again, what will your situation be?  In a singularity, the situation is even worse. The particles are so close together that they cannot even express their basic properties. They even lose their identity. Now if we take an atom, we know that there is a lot of space inside it. Almost 99.5% of an atom is filled with space. But when the same atom enters a singularity, its condition becomes another. It is very Squeezed, and the space in it is gone. What happens here to the space that once existed within an atom? A situation where electrons, protons, and neutrons become together. Athe atom lost all of its fundamental characters, such as Strong Interaction, Electromagnetic interaction, and Weak Nuclear interaction, and showed only gravitational interaction.  Since neutrons and protons combine with each other under the effect of singularity, there is no need for a force to bind them. So the strong interaction is unwanted there. Since the electrons are also becoming a part of the singularity, the other two fundamental forces are irrelevant too. What is happening to all these fundamental interactions. We have two situations before us. These basic forces can probably become part of the energy of singularity. The next possibility is that they may remain in singularity as a unifying force along with gravity. In any case, as far as with our present understandings, there is only gravity in black hole singularity.  But in the event of a gravitational collapse, there is a massive energy and space-time dissipation, so the four forces are more likely to combine into a single force. However, an atom inside the singularity is itself gone. For that atom, the time has ended. Or a start to another situation. So is the end of time, or does it continue in a different state? As part of the singularity, when the atom remains in a new state, there is a new time begins for that atom. 

All these things are well described in my book.

Big Bang Singularity is not like a Black Hole Singularity. There were no atoms or other particles at the time of the Big Bang unity. All of these things were created after the Big Bang. It can only be said that there was energy and unified gravity as its property. The black hole singularity is caused by the collapse of gravity, which results in the end of the life of stars four or five times larger than the Sun. When the heavier stars are in their final stages, at the end of energy production with nuclear fusion, the effect of its gravity shrinks itself and becomes a black hole. What is meant by shrink itself? We can think of this in two ways. When there is only energy left in a black hole, the space-time inside must be expelled. When one atom enters a black hole, the electrons inside it combine with the particles in the nucleus and expel the space-time between them. Here is the next question. What happens to the space-time that is thus ejected. It should be added to the curved space-time of ​​the black hole. Then the amount of curved space-time under the control of the black hole will not increase? Does it not affect its gravitational field? Thus I describe the evolution of the universe as part of the product of the interactions between space-time and energy. The second situation is to try to shrink space-time together with energy. The possibilities for that are very rare. Let’s try to understand more about it also. Anyway, gravity increases when it decreases the size. Becoming smaller its boundaries are more close to the center. And hence the gravity on its surface also increases. Small by itself, with its gravity, a black hole can control even light. 

So far we have seen a black hole singularity arise from the stars. Now let’s see how a Big Bang Singularity has evolved. We have to think seriously about the state of energy at that time. For this purpose, I have come up with an idea that emerged in my study of quantum gravity. The smallest quantities we know today are those on the Planck scale. It is a dimensional model that focuses on the basic dimensions such as mass, time, and distance, on the Planck scale. A mathematical structure of this is included in the chapter describing quantum gravity. According to this idea, all three basic dimensions (mass, time, and distance) are having the same strength. As we all know, these three have different values in physics. Here I see these as part of the energy. Each of these is considered here as form of energy. According to Einstein’s theory, we know that the energy of an object is e=m{c}^{2} . Where e represents energy, m represents mass, and c represents the velocity of light. We know that velocity is ”distance traveled by the time”. Then we can write c in the form of \frac{l}{t} .  Here l represents the distance and t for the time. Now let’s see how we can put all these things together on the Planck scale. We can now write this as {\mathcal{e}}_{\rho }={\mathcal{m}}_{\rho }(\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)}^{2} . Where {\mathcal{e}}_{\rho } represents energy, {\mathcal{m}}_{\rho } represents mass, {\mathcal{l}}_{\rho } represents the distance, and {\mathcal{t}}_{\rho } for the time, at Planck scale. Here we can see that the value of (\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)} is the same as the value of c.

We have its own measurements and criteria to represent mass, time, and duration. I would like to see all three of them as different forms of energy. Imagine all three of these qualities (mass, time, and length), which we believe to be three different things. They have special criteria in physics, and the three different values accordingly.  But inside the energy, as a closed system, they have the same strength as a dimension. All these three are distributed in the same strength, as forms of energy, inside an atom or a particle. Let us treat a particle as a closed system. Where {\mathcal{l}}_{\rho } and {\mathcal{t}}_{\rho } are equal strengths, then (\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)}   is 1. So we can say that the strength of c is also 1. In principle, the rest mass of a particle is equal to its energy. Since the strength of c is 1, the strength of {c}^{2} is also 1. Here we are opening a new door. Energy can be located in two conditions. e=m{c}^{2} and Ee=m{c}. The energy in the first state is familiar to all of us. Everything we see in our visible universe is this state of energy. In this case, the dimensional configuration of the energy will be {L}^{2}M{T}^{-2}. The second (e=m{c}) is a situation where we know nothing. The dimensional configuration of this stage is {L}M{T}^{-1} . In terms of the first condition (\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)}^{2} or {c}^{2} and the second condition (\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)} or c, we can imagine the ratio of the reactions. In the case of (\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)} , the interaction of energy is very negligible. Energy forms that exist in this state and which are less likely to interact with each other can be called primordial particles. Our universe must have evolved from this state. This may be the universe that preceded Big Bang Singularity. The dark matter which we are looking, may probably the energy particles in this state.

Picture: Strength of fundamental units in energy. In this picture, all three basic dimensions are distributed as the same force within the energy. This is the state of energy that existed at the Big Bang Singularity and before. In the visible universe today, the distribution of these fundamental quantities within energy is in the form of ({{m}{\rho }}{)}, ({{l}{\rho }}{)}^{2}, and ({{t}{\rho }}{)}^{-2}   .

There are many ideas about the universe before the Big Bang. Here I will tell you my thoughts on that period. It is now, you may have some ideas about the state of energy of that period. The Big Bang Singularity has been overcome by adverse conditions such as low reactivity and lack of basic forces other than unified gravity. What I understand about gravity here is that it is part of the energy, and it will always be there with energy, like a fellow traveler who can never be left behind. Because it is always holding a proportional space-time into it. That’s why Albert Einstein considers ‘time’ as a part of space. We cannot say now about the total energy of the universe, or whether the Big Bang Singularity was composed of all the energy that existed at that time. The possibility of a multiverse is emerging before us now. Here we will try to understand more about the state of the primordial universe. Our universe is a lot wider than we recognize it now and it is still expanding. I would like to call, the state before the big bang also as the Primordial universe. So the universe before the Big Bang must have been even bigger. The forms of energy that have been scattered over a very wide space-time, converge into a singularity in a very small space-time. That is, the vast universe collapses into a singularity, which then begins to expand again as it by the big bang. The universe has been expanding for billions of years since the big bang, then how many billions of years will the universe take to get to the moment that caused the big bang. Today we know how a star is born in large molecular clouds. In that molecular cloud, the particles of energy are attracted to each other, to form a very large structure, going through a very complex process, and it takes billions of years to become a star. If it took such a long time to form a star, how long would it take for the formation of the singularity, which is responsible for the universe that contains billions of stars we see today? Then we have to say there was a “time”, before the big bang. Presently most scientists believe that there is no time inside the singularity. I do not agree with them on this point. Everyone can explain “the time” according to their own ideas. Anyway, here I am adding a picture from my thoughts, to describe the state of the universe before the formation of the singularity.

Picture: The primordial universe. We can imagine it as the primordial universe. The black spots in the picture are the energy forms (primordial particles) scattered throughout the universe. 

Now let’s take a look at our Big Bang Singularity. The Big Bang Singularity is still something that, we can all marvel at. Our universe is far wider than we can imagine. The Big Bang Singularity was a very small sphere that contained all the energy in such a vast universe. It achieves a spherical shape because of the pressure exerted by energy and space-time on all sides. Its size is so small that as it completely eliminates the space-time inside. The distance from the image above to the Big Bang Singularity is very huge. We have already discussed the advantages of energy at this stage. They can only interact with the help of unified gravity. When they are isolated forms of energy, each of them has its own gravitational field and it is generally less powerful. For example, once two primordial particles are combined, they can create a slightly stronger general gravitational field. They will also share their associated space-time with each other. So it has a common space-time and gravitational field now. This interaction can be described as the first phase of the evolution of the universe. By this, we can understand a self-evolving universe. My friends, who are religious, will study Darwin’s theory of evolution at school and write about it for the exam. But when they get out of there, they will say that the universe is a creation of their own god. We rely on science to study and get a job, but we use religion to believe in God and to see others as enemies. What a paradox is this? There are some among us, who are trying to deliberately mislead society. While some work for their personal gain, others work for political gain, and some for their religion. There are some people who pretend that they have already mentioned everything in their religious text, quoting any particular text in their religious text, and equating it with the achievements of science. While all religions are creationists and when science presents the Big Bang theory with evidence, which cannot be rejected, so they claim that it has been mentioned in their religious text. They all want to work for their own benefit. In this book, I often relate the main subject Proportionately with many other issues. So I think we can discuss socially relevant issues periodically. Anyhow, let us return to our subject.

Let us examine the possibilities for the gathering of the primordial particles together to form the Big Bang Singularity. One possibility is, none of these primordial particles were distributed in the primordial universe in an exact proportion. There was variation in the number of particles distributed in each region and the distance between them. Therefore, a widespread imbalance was evident in the primordial universe. Due to this imbalance and the lack of a precise criterion for the distribution of particles, there was a situation where the particles could interact. Things become much easier when gravity, the basic nature of the energy, was added to stimulate it. wherever they are able to interact, these particles are attracted to each other with the help of gravity. Newton’s theory is presenting gravity as an attractive force.  But in particular relativity theory, gravity is described as the curvature of space-time by the presence of energy in it. Newton’s theory describes the universe in three dimensions such as length, width, and height. But in the theory of relativity, there is an additional dimension called space-time. Time is part of the space, in relativity theory. Here we have the unbalanced forms of energy dispersed in the vast space-time. Therefore, according to the theory of relativity, we can say that there was “time” in the universe before the Big Bang.  The fusion of primordial particles, based on the theory of relativity can explain in this way. Two primordial particles form a curvature in the space-time at two different places, were combined together, to create a slightly larger curvature. In any case, space-time is necessary for energy to exist. Therefore, whenever we think about energy, there is a space-time with it. Therefore, when we say the fusion of energy, it must also mean the fusion of space-time. Thus we can see the possibility of the formation of new forms, fusing by mutual attraction. According to this possibility, the Big Bang could happen at any time. But we can not explain a lot of things like baryon asymmetry.

The next possibility is that all the particles were evenly distributed over a fixed distance at the same ratio in space-time. In this case, the universe is in a state of equilibrium. There the gravitational fields between them are precisely aligned. Now the particles are less likely to be attracted to each other. So, the first assembly of the particles is unlikely. For particle synthesis to be possible beyond this, there must be an external intervention that disrupts the equilibrium of that system. Thus this possibility can also be ruled out as an external intervention cannot be seen anywhere else. Suppose now that the balance of the system is abnormally broken and the particles come together. When the particles combine, a singularity is formed and a big bang is possible. But many other phenomena in the visible universe cannot be described. Another possibility we have already discussed. Whatever the distribution of the particles, the ratio between the particles and the space-time is unbalanced. I consider this one situation to be the most suitable for the formation of the Big Bang Singularity. Let us examine a picture of the aggregation of primordial particles.

Picture: Primary integration. This image represents the earliest structures, which are created by the attraction of energy, in the early universe. All the black regions in the image are clusters of different-sized primordial particles that have coalesced at different rates in several phases.

In the picture, we can see many black spheres of different sizes. We can interpret the formation of these spheres in two ways. First, we can say that many spheres have been formed in several places. Or it could be said that instead of having many spheres, there was only one sphere. That is, the primordial particles located in an unbalanced universe began to be concentrated in a certain part due to their gravitational pull. We can see this as the beginning of a gravitational singularity. I would like to explain things in a first way. Either way, we are finally coming to the answer to the big bang-based gravitational singularity. If we adopt the first method, we can easily find answers to more questions. We can present things like drawing a picture on a very large canvas. Now let’s see how the universe evolved into the Big Bang Singularity. In any case, only an unbalanced universe can travel to a Big Bang Singularity. An equilibrium universe would never want to change its current state. In a fully equilibrated universe, all the particles of energy are distributed at precisely the same amount and distance. It is not difficult to destroy this equilibrium, the slight change in the position or mass of any one of these particles will destroy the equilibrium. So to create change in an equilibrium universe requires the involvement of an external force. We will find no such presence anywhere here. But as my friends who are religious say, if there is a God, he should start his work from here. There arises a confusion, who is the real god, the one which they believe, or the one which the others believe. Anyway, we have a very unbalanced universe in front of us, so we can leave the idea of interference of an external force right here. These small spheres are attracted to each other by their gravity, and they merge together to form larger ones. The space-time between them can now be seen to be more curved. A curvature proportional to the amount of energy is generated in that space-time. We rely more on Newton’s theory of gravity to make things easier for everyone. When it grows and forms a singularity, a large curvature is created so that even light cannot escape out. unfortunately, there was no light at that period. We need to examine in detail how gravity creates such a strong field. Anyway, let’s go back to the formation of Singularity. Let’s take a closer look at this long-standing process. So I bring a picture here. 

Picture: Formation of the Big Bang Singularity: In addition to the picture we saw earlier, this picture also created a singularity. In this picture, we can see the red sphere as the singularity, and the white cone as the distance to its event horizon. 

Let us check the processes during the fusion of the primordial particles now. We have already understood how the primordial universe was. Now let us see what happens in its surroundings when the two particles converge on each other. We can treat these particles as the primary form of energy. We know that most of the parts inside an atom are empty. inside a tiny bit atom a huge empty space in it, we can’t even imagine. Such was not the case with the primordial particles. They were purely forms of energy. Inside it, space had no relevance. So, it was completely filled with energy. Although the particles were spaced apart from each other, they were connected to each other like a chain by gravity and space-time. Exploits the imbalance of the universe and with the help of gravity, two particles intersect. We can call this the primordial interaction. This was a very slow process. If a leaf moves in New York, its reflection may sometimes be in Tokyo, as it turns out, the reflection of this primary fusion will be elsewhere in the universe. This led to the fusion of primary particles in many parts of the universe. As a result of this process, the fused particles interconnected and formed larger shapes. There required a lot of time for this process.

Let us see what happens, when these particles merge, around them. For example, suppose that two particles intersect. It is there eliminating the space-time between them. As it grows more and more, we see a situation where space-time disappears. Or we could say that it is a form that is located inside space-time. separate the space-time, and create a singularity. After the Big Bang, it expands into the same space-time. Now we understand two things. How big was the universe before the big bang? How much space-time is thrown out there to create the big bang singularity? Today our universe is regaining the space-time it had lost for the creation of the big bang singularity. But this process is still going on for billions of years after the Big Bang. We can only imagine, then, how long it will take for the creation of Big Bang Singularity.  The fact that the universe is still expanding means that,  the previously lost space-time has not been recovered totally. probably when it has absorbed enough space-time, the universe will stop growing itself.

In the early days, particle fusion took place very slowly. As the size of them increases, the gravity increases and the rate of this process increases. Thus particle groups were formed into many parts of the early universe, With the help of gravity, they are attracted to one another and thereby converge on the avatar. There was “a time” before that. We can say that a new “time” was born with the Big Bang. With the Big Bang, the energy begins to grow again into space-time. At Singularity, the energy did not encompass space-time.  Space-time was out of singularity there. A space-time will already be created there. If we look at the history of a particle in this way, we can split the “time” into several stages. A “time” until a particle remains in that state. When it merges with another particle, they start a new time together. Now it has two distinct timescales for that particle. Its initial time, and the “new time” which it began to join with the other particle. Thus it appears that at each step until it reaches singularity, it begins a new time. But we can never say that it left its initial time. With the Big Bang, energy takes on a new form. Energy undergoes many changes and acquires all its other fundamental qualities, which it did not yet acquire before, and comes to a new form. At the same time, we can say that it is the beginning of a new “time”. According to the Special relativity theory, we need to look at the concept of spacetime in detail. 

Energy and space-time are the two basic building blocks of the universe, and they are inseparable. A certain amount of energy can influence a certain amount of space-time. Let us examine this in detail. For that, we can imagine two particles located in two different places in space-time. Both of these particles distort space-time in their own way. Suppose these two particles combine together. Then these two space-times combine together to become one space-time. The integration of space-time takes place along with the synthesis of energy particles. Just as energy is not destroyed during this process,  space-time is also not destroyed.  Similarly, no more space-time or energy is created. The atom, which is compressed by the strong gravitational pull of the black hole, expels the space inside it. Even if an atom falls into a black hole, it will work according to this principle. The energy particles inside the atom become part of the singularity and space is added to the space-time of the singularity. The space within the atom and the space-time distorted by its influence become part of the space-time of the singularity. This same principle can be seen in the formation of the Big Bang Singularity. Here the elementary particles combined together and grew into the Big Bang Singularity, at the same time the space-time under their influence also joined each other. The situations for the formations of a black hole and the Big bang singularity are different. Black holes are caused by the gravitational distortion of giant stars. The full energy for the creation of a black hole is there. The main requirement is to allow the energy particles to shrink by expelling the space-time inside the star. But the formation of the Big Bang Singularity is not like that. The Formation of Big Bang Singularity was the result of joining the primordial particles one by one.  Here the required energy is slowly stored. That may have taken billions of years. For this to happen, the primordial particles must be just energy forms. That is, there must be only energy within them. The whole space-time under its influence should be outside of it. It is this feature of the primordial particle that enables it to store these much energies in the Big Bang Singularity. Or perhaps that singularity would have turned into a star or a black hole even before the Big Bang.

The universe is a combination of energy and space-time which is influenced by energy. As the amount of energy increases, so does the amount of space-time in the universe. Then naturally the same pressure that occurs in the Big Bank Singularity will occur in the space-time around it. In short, the Big Bang was caused not only by the action of the singularity but also by the curved space-time around it. There was only a certain amount of energy in the singularity and there was a curved space-time with it in proportion. We still can’t figure out how much energy was there, in the vast amount of energy stored singularity.