Here we discuss the singularity that led to this big bang. It is discussing three types of singularities here. Big bang Singularity, Blackhole singularity, and the third one is a new ideas of mine. It is just the opposite of the big bang singularity. We can call it Space-time singularity. It is created at the center of the universe. So It can say that the expanding universe is going to another big bang, which may happen at any time.
Let us see how it was formed. What is a singularity, that is our first question in this chapter? Singularity is a condition in which the absorbed matter is concentrated at the lowest volume (space). In physics, we can see two singularities. One is called Big Bang Singularity and the other is Black Hole Singularity. We can try to learn more about Singularity. Imagine we are traveling on a very busy bus. There will be very little space inside the bus. On that journey, we will not be able to move as we wish. If a few more people get on the bus again, what will your situation be? In a singularity, the situation is even worse. The particles are so close together that they cannot even express their basic properties. They even lose their identity. Now if we take an atom, we know that there is a lot of space inside it. Almost 99.5% of an atom is filled with space. But when the same atom enters a singularity, its condition becomes another. It is very Squeezed, and the space in it is gone. What happens here to the space that once existed within an atom? A situation where electrons, protons, and neutrons become together. The atom lost all of its fundamental characteristics, such as Strong Interaction, Electromagnetic interaction, and Weak Nuclear interaction, and showed only gravitational interaction. Since neutrons and protons combine with each other under the effect of singularity, there is no need for a force to bind them. So the strong interaction is unwanted there. Since the electrons are also becoming a part of the singularity, the other two fundamental forces are irrelevant too. What is happening to all these fundamental interactions? We have two situations before us. These basic forces can probably become part of the energy of singularity. The next possibility is that they may remain in singularity as a unifying force along with gravity. In any case, as far as with our present understandings, there is only gravity in black hole singularity. But in the event of a gravitational collapse, there is a massive energy and space dissipation, so the four forces are more likely to combine into a single force. However, an atom inside the singularity is itself gone. For that atom, the time has ended. Or a start to another situation. So is the end of time, or does it continue in a different state? As part of the singularity, when the atom remains in a new state, there is a new time begins for that atom.
Big Bang Singularity is not like a Black Hole Singularity. There were no atoms or other particles at the time of the Big Bang unity. All of these things were created after the Big Bang. It can only be said that there was energy and unified gravity as its property. The black hole singularity is caused by the collapse of gravity, which results in the end of the life of stars four or five times larger than the Sun. When the heavier stars are in their final stages, at the end of energy production with nuclear fusion, the effect of its gravity shrinks itself and becomes a black hole. What is meant by shrink itself? We can think of this in two ways. When there is only energy left in a black hole, the space inside must be expelled. When one atom enters a black hole, the electrons inside it combine with the particles in the nucleus and expel the space between them. Here is the next question. What happens to the space that is thus ejected? It should be added to the curved space-time of the black hole. Then the amount of curved space under the control of the black hole will not increase? Does it not affect its gravitational field? Thus I describe the evolution of the universe as part of the product of the interactions between space and energy. The second situation is to try to shrink space together with energy. The possibilities for that are very rare. Let’s try to understand more about it also. Anyway, gravity increases when it decreases the size. Becoming smaller its boundaries are more close to the center. And hence the gravity on its surface also increases. Small by itself, with its gravity, a black hole can control even light. We will see more about Gravity in later chapters
So far we have seen a black hole singularity arise from the stars. Now let’s see how a Big Bang Singularity has evolved. We have to think seriously about the state of energy at that time. For this purpose, I have come up with an idea that emerged in my study of quantum gravity. The smallest quantities we know today are those on the Planck scale. It is a dimensional model that focuses on the basic dimensions such as mass, time, and distance, on the Planck scale. A mathematical structure of this is included in the chapter describing quantum gravity. According to this idea, all three basic dimensions (mass, time, and distance) are having the same strength. As we all know, these three have different values in physics.
Here I see these as part of the energy. Each of these is considered here as form of energy. According to Einstein’s theory, we know that the energy of an object is e=m{c}^{2}. Where E represents energy, m represents mass, and c represents the velocity of light. We know that velocity is ”distance traveled by the time”. Then we can write c in the form of \frac{l}{t}. Here l represents the distance and t for the time. Now let’s see how we can put all these things together on the Planck scale. We can now write this as {\mathcal{e}}_{\rho }={\mathcal{m}}_{\rho }(\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)}^{2}. Where {e }_{\rho } represents energy, {m }_{\rho } represents mass, {\iota }_{\rho } represents the distance, and {t }_{\rho } for the time, at the Planck scale. Here we can see that the value of (\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)} is the same as the value of c.
We have its own measurements and criteria to represent mass, time, and duration. I would like to see all three of them as different forms of energy. Imagine all three of these qualities (mass, time, and length), which we believe to be three different things. They have special criteria in physics, and the three different values accordingly. But inside the energy, as a closed system, they have the same strength as a dimension. All these three are distributed in the same strength, as forms of energy, inside an atom or a particle. Let us treat a particle as a closed system. Where {\iota }_{\rho } and {t }_{\rho } are equal strengths, then (\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)} is 1. So we can say that the strength of c is also 1. In principle, the rest mass of a particle is equal to its energy. Since the strength of c is 1, the strength of {c}^{2} is also 1. Here we are opening a new door. Energy can be located in two conditions. e=m{c}^{2}and e=m{c}. The energy in the first state is familiar to all of us. Everything we see in our visible universe is this state of energy. In this case, the dimensional configuration of the energy will be{L}^{2}M{T}^{-2}. The second (e=m{c}) is a situation where we know nothing. The dimensional configuration of this stage is {L}M{T}^{-1}. In terms of the first condition (\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)}^{2} or {c}^{2} and the second condition (\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)} or c, we can imagine the ratio of the reactions. In the case of (\frac{{\iota }_{\rho }}{{t}{\rho }}{)} , the interaction of energy is very negligible. Energy forms that exist in this state and which are less likely to interact with each other can be called primordial particles. Our universe must have evolved from this state. This may be the universe that preceded Big Bang Singularity. The dark matter which we are looking, may probably the energy particles in this state.
Picture: Strength of fundamental units in energy. In this picture, all three basic dimensions are distributed as the same force within the energy. This is the state of energy that existed at the Big Bang Singularity and before. In the visible universe today, the distribution of these fundamental quantities within energy is in the form of {m }_{\rho }, ({l}_{\rho })^{2}, and ({t}_{\rho })^{2}.
It is well described in my book. So for more understanding in this field, I recommend that book.
Our universe is a lot wider than we recognize it now and it is still expanding. I would like to call, the state before the big bang also as the Primordial universe. So the universe before the Big Bang must have been even bigger. The forms of energy that have been scattered over a very wide space, converge into a singularity in a very small space. That is, the vast universe collapses into a singularity, which then begins to expand again as it by the big bang. The universe has been expanding for billions of years since the big bang, then how many billions of years will the universe take to get to the moment that caused the big bang.
Today we know how a star is born in large molecular clouds. In that molecular cloud, the particles of energy are attracted to each other, to form a very large structure, going through a very complex process, and it takes billions of years to become a star. If it took such a long time to form a star, how long would it take for the formation of the singularity, which is responsible for the universe that contains billions of stars we see today? Then we have to say there was a “time”, before the big bang. Presently most scientists believe that there is no time inside the singularity. I do not agree with them on this point. Everyone can explain “the time” according to their own ideas. Anyway, here I am adding a picture from my thoughts, to describe the state of the universe before the formation of the singularity.
Now let’s see how the universe evolved into the Big Bang Singularity. In any case, only an unbalanced universe can travel to a Big Bang Singularity. An equilibrium universe would never want to change its current state. In a fully equilibrated universe, all the particles of energy are distributed at precisely the same amount and distance. It is not difficult to destroy this equilibrium, the slight change in the position or mass of any one of these particles will destroy the equilibrium. So to create change in an equilibrium universe requires the involvement of an external force. We will find no such presence anywhere here. But as my friends who are religious say, if there is a God, he should start his work from here. There arises a confusion, who is the real god, the one which they believe, or the one which the others believe. Anyway, we have a very unbalanced universe in front of us, so we can leave the idea of interference of an external force right here. let us see what happens in its surroundings when the two particles converge on each other. We can treat these particles as the primary form of energy. We know that most of the parts inside an atom are empty. inside a tiny bit atom a huge empty space in it, we can’t even imagine. Such was not the case with the primordial particles. They were purely forms of energy. Inside it, space had no relevance. So, it was completely filled with energy. The basic forces we experience in the present universe, such as Strong Interaction, Week Interaction, and Electromagnetic Interaction was not needed there. These small spheres are attracted to each other by their gravity, and they merge together to form larger ones. The space between them can now be seen to be more curved. A curvature proportional to the amount of energy is generated in that space. We can call this the primordial interaction. When it grows and forms a singularity, a large curvature is created so that even light cannot escape out. unfortunately, there was no light at that period. Some of these particles merged each other and forms a bit large forms. It may or may happen at many other places in the space at the same time. With the help of gravity, they are attracted to one another and thereby converge on a large structure. Then gradually it became singularity.
Picture: Formation of the Big Bang Singularity: In addition to the picture we saw earlier, this picture also created a singularity. In this picture, we can see the red sphere as the singularity, and the white cone as the distance to its event horizon.
Another type of singularity is the space-time singularity. Which we can see at the center of our present universe. At the center of the universe is the absorbed space that is under extreme pressure, and the energy within the gravitational frame that wraps it. If the Big Bang was caused by a singularity filled with energy and wrapped with its own space-time, the opposite is things are happening here. What happens here is an interaction between space-time and the energy that wrapped it. The current absorbed space at the center of the universe is in a state similar to that of the Big Bang Singularity. If energy was absorbed into the center of the universe when the Big Bang Singularity was formed, then space is absorbed into the center of the universe here. If the value of time was zero within the Big Bang Singularity, then time would be zero here as well. But I don’t believe that time will be zero at any point. For me, time is always changing from one state to another. We can also call this singularity. The singularity of space-time. I hope you get an idea about the three types of singularities.