The Big Bang And The Formation Of The Visible Universe.
We are discussing the big bang and its after-effects of it. Rather than the other models of the big bang, here I am taking space-time as an important factor. We are discussing the impacts that create in space-time after the big bang. The influence of space-time to encourage the big bang is also an important factor here. At the very big bang moment, there are three important changes happening in the singularity and space-time. These changes encourage the inflation era. The things that are happened in the Planck era are also discussed as the interaction between space-time and singularity. As I feel the big bang as a breakdown of the singularity and space-time, it can never be an explosion.
So far we have discussed the formation of the Big Bang Singularity. But now we will try, to learn more about the Big Bang moment. Let’s try to understand that, had the particles inside are in equilibrium and how they went through a big bang, and so on. A primordial universe that mixes primordial particles and space-time. Here the distribution of particles in space-time creates an imbalance. But if we distinguish only one particle, it is said to be in equilibrium.
Similarly, if we consider space-time without the presence of the particles, it is said to be in equilibrium. The primordial universe was unbalanced, in conjunction with two phenomena (energy and space-time), but which are equilibrium when they are separate. The same thing happened in the Big Bang Singularity. The particles and space-time were separated from each other and tried to create an equilibrium. Now you may ask that, how the big bang happened in a universe that is so balanced with each other. One of the main causes is the gravitational force that is the fellow traveler of energy. I can find the answer to a key question here that bothered me. In our visible universe, a star can be born if more than limited energy is concentrated in one place. Then why did a singularity so full of energy (the energy which can create the billions of stars and everything else that we see in the cosmos today) not undergo the big bang before?
We have already discussed the primordial particles. In which the fundamental values like time, distance, and mass were distributed in equal strength. It was so full of energy there was no space left inside. We can understand how much it was balanced. Similarly, if we imagine space-time can also say that it is perfectly balanced. A combination of these two created an unbalance in the primordial universe. When the primordial universe attempted to overcome this imbalance, and with the help of Gravity, singularity began to form. As the singularity begins to form, the two particles merge together and become a single particle. In the present universe, however, even if two elements are joined together, there remains a space between them, and thus they cannot be singular. Therefore, it can be said that the Big Bang Singularity is complete oneness. Even if a new particle is added to it, it will only merge into that oneness. What if we pour a little more water over a drop of water? The first drop of water will never be there, all mixed up to form one big drop of water. The same goes for Singularity. The energy inside it does not have the freedom of travel because it remains quite united. It may just be the reason that the big bang singularity had absorbed so much energy. So we have to say that the early singularity was perfectly balanced. Then we have to understand when it was imbalanced and what caused the big bang. For that, we need to understand gravity.
All these things are well described in my book.
So now let’s discuss some of the essentials for the situation. Let us see how Gravity became such a powerful force. We have been understood gravity as the weakest of all the fundamental forces. But when we talk about a Black Hole and a Big Bang Singularity, we see Gravity as a formidable force. We say that even light cannot escape the limits of gravity. We need to understand how this happens. The thing that fascinated me the most and what I tried to study the most was the phenomenon of gravity. Here I wish to discuss some things I realized about Gravity. Usually, physics says, that gravity has an infinite range. It can expand into infinity by interconnectedness. But I do not believe that there is an infinite range when it comes to being alone as an object. Imagine you have a steel ball that weighs a kilogram in your hands. If someone says that the ball has an infinite amount of gravity, is it plausible? I would never believe it. For me, the gravitational limit of the object is only a certain distance. We also know that as the distance increases, the force of gravity decreases. This is illustrated by Sir Isaac Newton’s theory of gravity. Then we have to understand how a black hole creates such a strong gravitational field that, even light cannot escape from it.
To make it understand easier, let us first use Newtonian gravity. Then we can present things very lightly. After that, we can move on to General relativity. We have already said that a certain amount of energy can always create only a certain amount of gravitational field. So what we have learned about Black Hole is factual? To investigate this in detail, let us use Sir Isaac Newton’s famous equation. It is as follows F=G\frac{{m}_{1}{m}_{2}}{{r}^{2}} Where F denotes the gravitational force between two objects. G represents the universal gravitational constant, and {m}_{1} and {m}_{2} represent the mass of two objects. r is the mature distance between two objects from their center. This equation describes the force of attraction between two objects (forms of energy). The important thing to note here is that the distance from the center of the objects is measured. Their surfaces are not shown here. We can treat that object as a closed system. We consider the amount of energy contained in it and the distance from its center. For example, let us imagine a gas cylinder that is familiar to all of us. It is not spherical, but we can imagine a familiar object in order to quickly grasp the idea. As we begin to use it, it has enough mass. Then it will have a gravitational field proportional to its mass. It will lose its mass depend on what we are used to, and consequently the strength of its gravitational field. But there is still no change in the volume of the cylinder. So the amount of energy contained in a closed system is governed by its gravitational force. Now let us imagine the volume of a cylinder filled with this gas is reduced. As we reduce its volume, the surface of the cylinder gets closer to the center. Since the amount of energy in it still contains does not change, so its gravitational field does not change. How far spread its gravitational field was, it will still remain the same. But as the surface nears to the center, there the gravity will increase. We know that the attraction between two objects increases with decreasing distance and decreases with increasing distance. Here we imagine an independent object. Therefore we can use this equation of Newton g=G\frac{m}{{r}^{2}} . Thus we can see that the force of the gravitational field increases as the object shrinks closer to its center. In the language of relativity theory, the shrinking of an object by itself makes more curvature on the space-time it occupies. When it shrinks itself, the space-time required for it to stay is also reduced. Then space-time which excess there, must have to curve into it, is the only possibility. So can shrink itself and create a very strong gravitational field.
What is the imbalance that causes the Big Bang in the singularity that is forming in a state of equilibrium? In any case, there is no space inside the singularity. Singularity is formed by expelling space-time. As the singularity absorbs more energy, so does its gravity also increases. Maybe this has caused it to the tendency to shrink more. This may be increased its pressure too. And, paradoxically, there was another activity. Increasing gravity was also proportionally curving the space-time around the singularity. Even though it was expelled out of the singularity, space-time remained part of it. For nothing can exist without space-time. We can already see many reasons, which can break the equilibrium of singularity. First, the pressure inside it, and then the curvature it creates in the space-time where it exists. By Increasing curvature, singularity can also compress space-time. In addition to this, as the amount of energy within the singularity increases, the imbalance between energy and space-time increases. A normal black hole singularity may not bend space-time in such a terrible state. But when we talk about the Big bang Singularity we have to think about this. Because it had the energy to create the entire universe. It would have bent the space-time in a way horrible than we thought. The reaction of space-time against it is, perhaps the underlying cause of the Big Bang. Maybe the gravitationally curved space-time also needs the big bang to happen. As far as I understand space-time is very flexible. Energy can use space-time as it pleases. When energy expels all the space inside it and enters a singularity, the space-time around it is more likely to shrink. As the concentration of energy in an area increases, the characteristics of the space-time over there also undergo some changes. The space-time around the Big Bang Singularity must have been very much compressed. It was with such force that the energy within the singularity was pulled the space-time into it. The flexibility of the space-time also changes according to the pressure exerted by the energy on the space-time. The movement and speed of the objects moving through it will change according to the flexibility of space-time. We have proved experimentally that light bends under the influence of gravity. The space-time within the event horizon of a singularity must be very compressed. That is why even light cannot escape from there. Anyhow, with the help of a picture, we can try to understand more. This image is what I drew from my imagination in a way that everyone could understand.
Picture: The horribly curved Space-time: The red spherical part of the figure indicates the Big Bang Singularity. The gray-colored top side shows its event horizon. And the black curved lines represent the terribly curved space-time.
In a picture representing a singularity, we usually see a cone-shaped curved space-time. We used the same picture in the previous chapter. But things are a little more complicated here. Curved space-times are merged together for some distance. After that, its curve slowly appears. We feel like a surface in a straight line was brought down, folded, as if trying to blend in with each other. This is just a two-dimensional picture. In fact, spherical singularity creates a curvature of the space-time from all sides. When you try to fold the space-time with such force, naturally there creates an imbalance. There is such a powerful activity there because of that much energy involved in this region. Anyway, by taking advantage of all these imbalances the big bang happens. There is another point to consider. Does singularity occur only in one place in the universe? We can never be clear about this. We have not understood the boundaries of the universe or its vastness. Let’s just say that the universe is infinite. Therefore, similar singularities may have formed in many parts of the universe. Sometimes they do not store enough energy to happen a big bang. Sometimes there was a big bang happened in a singularity elsewhere. It may have expanded and become closer to our universe. It may also share space-time with our universe. Let us go ahead, hoping that everything is good. We cannot tell how much energy the whole universe had. But in the future, we may calculate how much energy have in our universe where we live. Because our universe was formed from a singularity that stored at exactly the finite amount of energy. We have talked about the circumstances surrounding the Big Bang up to now. Now let’s see what happened after the Big Bang. We have a clear understanding of that now. However, in my view, I would like to explain it more simply.
We have been able to explain scientifically what happened after the Big Bang. with the big bang, our universe has to change its state into an expanding universe, from its previous state of a singularity. When switching from one condition to another, the first thing it tries to do is to maintain stability. But we have three different scenarios here at the same time. First, the singularity continues to store energy until the moment of the Big Bang. Second, the state of singularity that has existed since that moment, has ceased. Finally, the universe is starting to expand. At the same time the singularity breaks down and the big bang occurs, and energy flows into space-time. At the same time, space-time also goes through three different situations in a similar way. As each particle is added to the singularity, the space-time also increases proportionally. Loss of stability of space-time. Finally, space-time collapses down and penetrates into the singularity. At the very last moment,one particle dissolves into the singularity and many other particles move closer to singularity. This is the scenery at the time of the Big Bang. The Big Bang was never an explosion. The Big Bang is the breakdown of two equilibrium states of interaction. Space-time and the singularity are undergoing some changes at the same time. Both are simultaneous processes. This is an ongoing phenomenon. As the universe expands into space-time, changes will also occur in space-time, which is curved by its gravitational field. Here we can try to view the universe as two basic forms. Energy and space-time. Energy, with the help of its own gravity, causes changes in space-time and expands into it. The universe is a mix of functional reactions between energy and space-time. Space-time also be trying to survive the changes created by the energy in it.
Anyhow, things happen from 0 to {10}^{-43} seconds after the big bang, are still unknown to us. But I will try to explain the situations of that period. {10}^{-43} seconds is a shorter time than we can imagine. Think that, if we wrote forty-three zeros before one, how small is this. In physics, such a short period of time, we called Planck time. Hence the period from the Big Bang to this time is called the Plank Age. So we can assume that Big Bang happens in the {0}^{th} second. The new time, which begins with the Big Bang, will be added to space-time. A new space-time will be created there. Space-time must have been created along with the Big Bang. Otherwise, there will be a time difference between space-time and the Big Bang. For example, suppose time is added to space after the Planck Age. Then there will be a big difference between the timeline of the Big Bang and the timeline of space-time. Right away with the Big bang, the situation already existed there is changing. The energy stored as a singularity is released. A massive disorder in the curved space-time by the singularity will happen. The energy from the singularity will start to spread in space-time. In this case, both systems will attempt to regain the lost equilibrium. The singularity of the Big Bang and the space-time destroyed by the Big Bang will prepare each other. Singularity is set to exert its energy to space-time and space-time will prepare to accommodate it in. This kind of preparation must have been done during the Planck Age. For that, the Big Bang Singularity will be releasing a massive temperature. Space-time will absorb it. This will cause the temperature of the universe to decrease. As we know it today, the four fundamental forces that we know in the universe appeared together during this period. The four fundamental interactions, namely, strong interaction, weak interaction, gravitational interaction, and electromagnetic interaction were separated after the Planck Age. At the end of the Planck age, gravitational interaction disassociates from the electro-nuclear interactions that has held it together. Gravity stays part of the energy and the other fundamental interactions become free. The inflation era then begins as a result of these preparations.
we can realize that inflation has an important role in the expansion of the universe. Even in every action of our daily life, we can relate inflation or the big bang. After the Big Bang, we can see that there is an acceleration occurring in the expansion of the universe. The expansion of the universe in this stage was at an accelerating rate much faster than the speed of light. The inflationary epoch started {10}^{-36} seconds after the big bang. This may have lasted up to {10}^{-32} seconds. During this period Space-time which joined together in the Planck era began to penetrate into the destructed singularity, with massive velocity. At the same time, the energy released by the Big Bang began to penetrate rapidly into the shattered space-time. Both of these things happened at the same time. We can describe this as an interaction between energy and space-time. Here we see space-time and energy acting as motivating forces to each other. Space-time inspires energy to penetrate into it. Similarly, energy invites space-time to penetrate into it. This is the reason for the tremendous acceleration of cosmic expansion during the Inflation period.
In my opinion, physics is a true understanding of the universe’s characteristics. The nature around us provides all the answers to its phenomenon; If we look at it carefully. Inflation made me think a lot about the Big Bang, the force created by the Big Bang, and the after-effects of the Big Bang. It causes me to think deeply about what we do in our daily lives. I understand that we can keep track of inflation in every activity that applies force. In my logic “inflation is the effect which is created by an external force when it is affecting an object or another force”. We can view it in all actions. For example, if I am throwing a ball (we can ignore gravity for a better explanation) at a velocity of 10 m/s and it will continue its motion at the same velocity. It is obvious here that before I threw the ball it was at an inertial stage. Its initial speed was zero. When I put a force on the ball, it quickly reaches the velocity of 10 m / s. We can observe inflation here, the time taken to reach real speed using uncontrollable acceleration. The force I applied to an object was capable of delivering a speed of 10 m / s. Inflation is the initial acceleration of an inertial object when it suddenly moves. This fraction of a second, we can say as the inflationary period of that force. In this period the object will get acceleration at a very high rate according to the amount of applied force.
Here is another example to explain inflation. Here we can observe a billiards board. When the ball hits another ball (I ignore all the other balls on the board for a better view), the kinetic energy shifts from it to the other. So the second ball is gaining momentum in it. The influence of the external force (the first ball) will fulfill all the parts of the ball uniformly and abruptly. This will be a driving force for it to move. Because of this, it gains a sudden acceleration and we call it inflation. And the speed of this uniform filling of the force to the object will depend upon the strength of the force. If the applied force is weak it will affect the body slowly. The force that was created there during the Big Bang is beyond anything we can imagine. We can see that this will be a lot more influential in its later journey. Now suppose we are applying a force on an object traveling at a straight line. The trajectory of the object also changes depending on the force we are applying. Depending on the nature of the force we are applying, it may increase or decrease the velocity of the object. We have learned these all things in schools. But relating all these things with the phenomenons which occurred in the time of the big bang is more challenging. But we have to do such a correlation. Because the universe has only one law. whatever things happen anywhere in the universe, must have to explain in a similar way. Even if it is the big bang that triggered the cosmic evolution or any small action we do, it will all happen under the same law. We are experiencing these in a different manner. There were many developments during these periods during the Big Bang. We can never experience all that, in the small activities we do. For example, during the Big Bang, massive amounts of energy are emitted and the fundamental forces are freed. None of this will appear in our actions. This is because of the strong force created there and then by the nature of the singularity. But there may be something similar happening in our actions. There is much more to be learned about it.
Let us return to our billiards board. When the ball hits on the other ball, we can observe some kind of vibration on the ball and it will make a sound too. We can say that this is a reflection of the force we applied. At this point, the ball will make an effort to stabilize its state of being. At the same time, the force applied to it is evenly distributed throughout all its parts. We can compare this period to the Planck Age. Almost all of these two things have happened in the Big Bang Singularity and in the curved space-time where it exists. Once the force is evenly distributed, the next phase begins. Thus they are preparing to accommodate changes. On the one hand, the singularity is preparing to spread to space-time from the state of unity. Same time, space-time curved by a strong gravitational field is preparing to absorb the sudden change. The phenomenon of the big bang breaks the state of singularity, so does the state of space-time. Once an equal amount of force is distributed, the other fundamental forces within the singularity can be freed. At the same time, to avoid disturbance within it, the damaged space-time will apply a strong force to the shattered singularity. This period in the big bang was marked as the grand unification era. The next phase of the inflation era begins as the continuation of these events. Here, energy can enter space-time very quickly. One advantage of this phase is space-time applying a force over the singularity. Likewise, space-time prepares to absorb energy into it. This causes a sudden acceleration of the expansion of the universe. If we take a closer look at these periods, we can describe the universe in more detail. Even the separation of the basic forces each other in different stages.
When we talk about the big bang we are talking always about the phenomenons that occurred in Singularity. In my opinion, also space-time must have the same importance as a singularity. Because singularity cannot exist without space-time. Singularity is a phenomenon with full of pure energy. Energy always needs some space-time to survive. That is why Albert Einstein included Space-time as the fourth dimension. Three dimensions of energy, with the fourth dimension of space and time together. Then we have to understand the changes that have been created in space-time by the Big Bang. I would like to say these two processes together. Many have come forward with the idea that there was no space or time before the Big Bang. I can never accept it. I believe that the universe exists only if space-time and energy coexist.
Let us now take a short look at the events from the Big Bang to the expansion of the universe we see today. Each period of time needs to be well explained. I would like to go ahead and explain these periods in a very lucrative way. The reason is, that many other great people have already explained this to us. We have read them all. However, for the sake of completeness of this chapter, it may be presented again very simply. After then we can discuss the structure of the universe. The Big Bang happens in the {0}^{th} second. Then the Planck Era up to {10}^{-43} seconds. We have already discussed the Planck Age in detail. During this period, the basic forces such as gravity, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and electromagnetic force are seen together as a single force. But by the end of the Planck Age, Gravity was free from other fundamental forces. This starts the beginning of the grand unification era. By this time the universe is starting to emit massive amounts of temperature. In addition, all three of the fundamental forces, other than gravity, appear together to be the electronuclear force. It lasted about {10}^{-36} seconds. By the end of this period, the Strong Nuclear Force had been liberated from other forces. This allows the formation of nuclei of small atoms. At the same time, nature of space-time must have been more flexible. The space-time that was part of the singularity, was very much compressed. Flexible space-time is adapted to the new changes that have taken place in the universe. This allows the newly formed particles to move freely through space-time. This allows particles to easily distort their own space-time. Then came the beginning of the inflation era. It lasted about {10}^{-32} seconds. As space-time becomes more flexible, the high temperatures created by the Big Bang can be distributed very quickly in space-time. This will help to reduce the temperature of the universe. Henceforth space-time will play a major role in determining the structure of the universe according to the energy distribution of each period. Since then, the universe has moved on to Electro Weak era. This period the weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force are seen as a single force. This period was conducive to the production of heavy but rapidly decaying boson. It lasted about {10}^{-12} seconds. The quark era is about {10}^{-12} seconds to {10}^{-6} seconds after the Big Bang. At this age, the four fundamental forces we see today began to be distinguished from one another. That is, the rest electromagnetic force and the weak force were separated from each other. It may be assumed that quarks and leptons were formed at this period. Then the period of up to 1 second is called the Hardron Age. During this period, the temperature of the universe was greatly reduced, allowing the quarks and leptons to bind together to be converted into hadrons. At the same time, all the opposite of these particles (antiparticles) is being created. Later in the process, they are undergoing through annihilation. During all these periods, the energy was being circulated in many forms into space-time. The phenomenon known as neutrino decoupling is thought to have begun a second after the Big Bang. Today, the most abundant neutrinos, after the photons in our visible universe, began to travel freely during this time. Finding these neutrinos having very little energy is very difficult with our present technology. It is thought that billions of neutrinos move around us every second. During this time, the temperature of the universe was still high enough to create also electron-positron pairs together with neutrinos. After about ten seconds, the temperature changes of the universe lead the electron-positron pairs to the point of annihilation. The period from one second to 10 seconds is also called the lepton age because there are still a small number of electrons left after this. The energy generated by the annihilation of electron-positron pairs causes the creation of photons. This period is therefore called the photon age. Within the first few minutes of this period, a process called nucleosynthesis takes place in the universe. From approximately 2 minutes to 20 minutes the temperature of the universe helps for the formation of the nuclei. So this time duration we call the nucleosynthesis period. It was during this period that the initial forms of the atomic nuclei that we see today were formed. The first nuclei were formed by combining protons and neutrons that were able to take advantage of the favorable conditions. At this stage, nuclei are formed, similar to smaller elements, such as hydrogen and helium. As the universe expanded, its temperature and density began to decrease. In this process, it took nearly 100,000 years to formulate the first molecule. We can call this period the invisible universe. During all this time, the universe did not allow to pass light. Therefore, the universe was in a dark state. After about 370,000 years the universe has become transparent and allows light to pass in it. The changes occurring in the universe during this period are in favor of this. The temperature of the universe for about this period favors the formation of atoms. There create a situation to allows the freely rotating electrons to combine with the hydrogen and helium nuclei already formed to create neutral atoms. This combination of electrons and the nucleus will release the excess energy in the form of photons. With the formation of atoms, space-time became more flexible, allowing the photons to travel freely. Thus we see that the universe is gradually becoming transparent. So much so that going on, now we can say, the basic fuel for the formation of a star has been created in the universe. However, we cannot say that stars immediately formed. There is a need for a favorable situation for the star to be born. Studies suggest that about 380 to 400 million years were taken for the first galaxies to be born. This is how we explain the evolution of the universe in general. We will not talk about space-time where energy or matter exists. The cosmic evolutionary structure in my mind involves the reaction of space-time according to changes in matter.